Models of Federal Power Sharing

.

Ronald L. Watts

Contents

:

-1

-2

4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6

9 9 10 11 12 13 13 14

7

-3 -4

-5

-1

:

Introduction: The Challenge of Managing Diversity

:

.

–

-

.

–

اﻟّ

.

.

.

.

.

"

-

"

] (Glocalization)

.[

.

ااأاﻟأ.

.

.

.

)IACFS(

.

.

:

.

.

-2

Major Federal Institutional Models

"

"

" ."

"

.

.

.

"

"

)

(

. .

"

"

"

."

:

:(Unions)

أ

.

1993)

(

.

أ

.

(Constitutionally Decentralized Unions) :

أ

.

.

.

.

:(Federations)

.

.

اﻟ

)

1(

أ

"

."

أ

.

(Confederations) :

.

.

.

.

أ

1789

ﻟ

.

.

.

.

:(Associated States)

أ

.

.

1.

:(Condominiums)

1278

.1993

:(Leagues)

.

.

:(Joint Functional Authorities)

:

(NAFO)

)IAEA(

.(ILO)

1978

"

"

:(Hybrids)

.

"

أاﻟاﻟ

.

1867

.

.

1996

.

.

1949

أ

)

.

.

.

.

-3

Variations Among Federations

"

.

أ

.

.

: اﻟ

- -

ﻟ

-

-

-

)

(

-

.

.

.

.

:

اﻟ

.

ﻟ

.

.

-4

Issues in the Design Of Federations That Affect Their Operation

:

.

89

)

).( أ

)

(

.

.

اﻠ

.

.

.

.

)اّ

(

.

.

.

:

.

.

أ

.

:

ﻟ

.

.

اﻟ

.

.

.

.

.

) .

(.

اﻟاﻟﻠﻟ

.

.

أ

أ

)

(

1996

:

85,6

68,6

68,5

61,2

54,8

53,0

41,2

40,6

36,7

) 2,5

:

R.L. Watts, The Spending Power in Federal Systems: A Comparative Study, 1999, p. .(53

:

.

.

.

.

.

"

."

أ

.

ﻟأ

.

:

.

-

.

--

)

.

-

.

.

"

"

.

.

.(

)

(

.

.

.

اﻟ

"

.

.

:

.

ﻟ

.

-

-

.

. .

.

.

:

إإﻠ.

.

.

.

.

.

Jura

1956

.

أأّ

.

ّﻠ

.

.

.

.

:

.

.

اﻟ

:

.

ﻟ

"

"

.

اﻟ

.

.

Conclusions

.

.

.

.

.

أ. أ

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

•

أ

"

"

.